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For teaching purposes; Quote cited references when available Ancient Emigrations To America |
PRE-COLUMBIAN EXPLORATIONS AND EMIGRATIONS
TO AMERICA
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ARCHAIC PERIOD Aquataine:
Origin of Clovis Points Indiana Ancient Stone Carvings PRE-CLASSIC PERIOD
-1800 BC To 150 AD |
CLASSIC PERIOD - 150-1521 AD MAPS & RECORDS |
CLIMATE |
The
first arrival of humans in America is indefinite, but there is considerable
evidence for immigrants from Europe, Asia and Africa going back to the time of
mammoths and other extinct animals that were hunted before a mass extinction
began around 12,000 BCE. (Mass Extinction & (Pleistocene). The extinction may have resulted from the
devastating effects of an asteroid's plunge into the then existent ice sheet
covering southeastern Canada (See: Climate ). The extinction is best characterized as a sudden event
that took place between 13.8 and 11.4 thousand years before 2017 AD. It
probably involved human overkill, comet impact or other rapid events rather
than a slow attrition. There is also evidence for
Trans-Atlantic arrivals from southwestern France and western Iberia that derives
from the occurrence of Clovis points in eastern North America (See: Aquataine
& Map ). The heaviest concentrations of these ancient
points are throughout the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi River basins and
the eastern United States.
Concentrations are fewer in the United States Great Plains
and Canada. Clovis points are rarely
found west of the Continental Divide
and into the Artic region of Canada and Alaska. This kind of point is not reported from the coastal regions of
Alaska and Canada, which indicates that it was brought to America by a
different route. It is also not
reported from the ice shelf regions of the Canadian interior. Genuine Clovis Points have not been found
in northeastern Siberia from where they might have been transported to North
America. The technology actually
originates in the Aquataine Region
of southwestern France and northwestern Spain, from whence it was carried in
ancient times across the Atlantic Ocean
to America. Ancient navigators could
have followed glaciated coastlines that periodically occurred in the northern
Atlantic Ocean over the millennia. In western Indiana there are skilled carvings
on granite stones of extinct mammals and some humans with European
appearances (See: Indiana ). This dates the site to the presence of
these mammals before their mass extinction around 12,000 BCE. To account
for the massive amount of copper required in Europe during the Bronze
Age, ancient explorers between about
2500 BCE and until 1200 BCE obtained great quantities of pure copper from the
American Lake Superior region. Transportation is believed by Myron Paine (2007, 2008
& 2013 ) and others to be down the Mississipi River to Louisiana, where it was
prepared for shipment and sent to Europe and North Afruca on ships that took
advantage of the Gulf Stream. (Hoenke &
Paine 2013). However, the
remains of ships and burials have not been found, albeit wooden vessels
disentegrate over time and cremation leaves scant evidence. Nevertheless, publication in scientific
journals for this theory is also lacking. In the
Pacific around 2,000 BCE, Japanese seafarers sailing from southern portions
of Japan established colonies along the western portion of South
America. In Ecuador they brought with
them their pottery, which was of such high quality that the technology of its
manufacture spread rapidly out to other parts of the continent and into North
America (See: Valdivia Culture.) Some colonies might have been established in North America as
well because many Japanese words are still found in some of the Southwestern
Amerindian cultures, such as the Zuni.
With the melting of the ice sheet in western Canada (See: Climate )
there began an overland immigration of people from Siberia. Translations of petroglyphs in America by Dr.
Barry Fell of Harvard University and his wife René have substantiated the
presence of Norsemen from Scandinavia in America during the Late Bronze Age (See: Bronze) and Robert Morritt(). Recent decipherments of the Maya Script have
uncovered Maya history going back hundreds of years before the Christian Era.
Also, voyages of people from West
Africa are not only supported by many ancient stone carvings in southern
Mexico (See:
Diversity ), but also by aerial photographs showing
identical layouts of agricultural plots on both continents (Stuart 1993). A great mystery is an archeological
site in Kansas that indicates the presence of a hominid with a prehensile
foot amongst an array of ancient tools (See: Kansas ). As of
2017 there has been no evidence for the existence of pre-human Homo erectus in America, although the
investigators have their suspicions of the Kansas site. In the History
of the Liang Dynasty, published in China ca. 629 AD, there is
mention of a voyage around 499 AD to a country that was very likely America
(Shao 1976). The actual place was
described as "The Country of the
Extreme East." Shao
(1976) also showed many photographs of statues and temple art of Mesoamerica
that bear a very close resemblance to similar early art of China and
India. Gavin Menzies (2003) also presented
more evidence for early Chinese explorations to America in his book, "1421 The Year China Discovered America." The Vikings in Greenland began to
arrive in America about 800 AD. The
word "Viking" means “Valley
Place” in the Norse Language. The name originates from about 800 AD,
when the Norse occupied the valleys of England driving those who resisted
into the hills. A possible visit to North America between 1019 & 1066 by
Nordic (Viking) King Harald Sigurdsson Hardråde has
been proposed by some groups studying Viking explorations. They suggest that about 200 boats and 3000
Norsemen arrived with him. Some
founded temporary settlements along the east coast of Canada, while others
rowed through the Christian Sea (now
known as Hudson Bay),
then up the Nelson and Red
Rivers over the Minnesota
Tableland into the Mississippi
River. Eventually they
returned to Norse territory in England.
Those Norse may have used the same route as was suggested for the
Bronze Age copper explorations.
Decipherments of drawings on sticks suggest that they were Christians
who recited Genesis as a
rowing chant. Well documented in the scientific
literature, Sigurdsson and his men lost the battle with the English at Stratford
Bridge. Sigurdsson himself took two arrows in the
neck, thus ending the Viking age. The
English preferred to use "Viking", with scorn because of their ferocious
behavior. Roman Catholic Bishop Eiríkr Gnúpsson,
nicknamed Henricus, came to America in 1121 AD. He was active in the conversion of the natives of
Greenland, and was the first bishop that exercised jurisdiction in America.
As soon as the Norwegians under Thorwald began to form settlements in
Vinland, Eiríkr followed his countrymen from Greenland
to the newly discovered continent. Here he labored among the natives for
several years.. He built a church
in Henricus County, which is near Richmond,
Virginia. During
his stay he may have converted some Christians in America to Roman
Catholicism. Then when colonies began
to form in America 500 years later, some of the native people may have been
Catholic Christians (Paine 2007, 2008). Those who presently believe that native
Americans were pagans should realize that the later colonials might have
preferred to perpetuate the pagan myth so that they could occupy native lands
(Paine 2007, 2008). However, it is doubtful that in the long absence of contact with Rome
native Americans would have retained their faith into the time after
Columbus. Also, Dr. Paine's
indictment of English colonists exterminating native Americans is contrary to
most historical evidence. Although
initially conflicts arose with certain Northeastern tribes, for the most part
the relationship was rather more amenable and mutually beneficial. Formal trade in 1609 is known with tribes
along the Hudson River. There is also some evidence of a treaty
with the Lenape Indians known as The Penn Treaty that allowed
for colonists land on which to farm.
But the treaty was never recorded and with time was broken. Land guaranteed to native Americans has
been regularly overrun with development up to the present 2017-2018
government expansion of mining interests in Utah. The Viking Network of Norway (wigo@viking.no) has researched the mystery of
how Viking ships were navigated, even in foggy or overcast weather. There were several devices deployed. Weather Vanes
Weather vanes were found on every
ship that gave the wind direction that was vital albeit imperfect information
when remote from land. Therefore, it
was also essential to have additional navigation instruments. Bearing Circles The Vikings had
knowledge of a primitive bearing circle. It was based on information about
the sun's position at sunrise and sunset.
You could find the latitude with the help of a shadow from the vertical pin
and the pointer on the platform marked the course. A primitive bearing circle
was found on Østerbygda in Greenland, but it is uncertain if this was the
same type of bearing circle in use at a later time
The Vikings used the
so-called sun stone in order to find the sun on overcast days. The stone was
made of the mineral cordierite, a mineral that could show the direction of
the sun on cloudy days. The sun stone could only be used when one could see a
hint of blue sky. Sunboards In the middle of the day the course was
corrected with the help of the sunboard. This was an instrument used to
measure the height
of the sun.
If the angle of the sun had gotten much bigger the ship had kept a too
southerly course, less of an angle and it had sailed too far north. In cloudy
weather or in a fog it was therefore difficult to navigate. Making a course
change on the open sea could be risky. Just a small change could result in
not coming to the planned destination. Ottar from Hålogaland in telling
about his voyage to the White Sea about 880 said that when he made a
course change it was with land in sight but not on the open sea. Semi-Wheels
Seafarers made many observations of the
sun all year round and they knew the sun's path through the heavens for all
the seasons.
There is a table that was written in Iceland. The table gives the height of
the sun for the whole year along with a rundown of sunrises and sunsets. Here
you can find where on the horizon the sun goes down and comes up the whole
year. All the measurements from this table were put on the so-called
semi-wheel. It was then not difficult to find the four directions nor
calculate the latitude. It was perfectly natural that guides for seafarers were
produced even though the sagas tell us nothing about this. They often had to find their way back
to previously discovered sights by mere chance, places like Iceland and America. The Red
River Valley Viking Settlements There
are archeological and linguistic discoveries of Vikings in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota, with some
discoveries being made only recently.
There is now increased credibility that Viking activity in the Red River Valley is one of the oldest historical areas in
North America with many artifacts and testimony to support a coherent
4,200-year-old history. Over
680 years before 2017 the Vikings began to record the Norse History in America.
One-fourth of that history was deciphered by 2017.
Thus far revealed is a 4,000-mile, 235-year Immigration through
northeastern North America, with the route being
traceable on an Old
French Map. Also included is information about the locations
and experiences of the Norsemen. During a recent Tour of the Viking Waterway, a
large ancient jetty was discovered in Stakke Lake. A landowner
near the jetty had also found a large stone with a hole in it on his own
property near the lake. Later during the tour, a second man-made jetty
and four large stones with holes in them were found, apparently defining an
ancient gathering place (See: Mooring
Stones & Examples ). These
discoveries support the existence of a Viking
Waterway, with the inability to recover Viking vessels and burials today
possibly attributed to wood decay and cremation. Nevertheless, it seems that some metal artifacts associated
with vessels would have persisted. LENAPE = "To Abide With The Pure." About
880 years before 2017 a Roman Catholic Bishop who lived in North America
first used the word "Lenape". Some 600 years earlier 4,000
Lenape people in Greenland began a journey to the Atlantic coast of North America.
Their route was over the ice to James
Bay, west to the Nelson River, south to the Missouri River, east across the Mississippi River, up the Ohio River, and over the Allegheny Mountains. Then
they spread along the Atlantic
coast from northern New York to the Carolinas.
In 1708 when the data for the Carte du Canada were collected, the Lenape, occupied
more than twenty times the area of the more recent European Christian
arrivals. Old Norse History & Historical Facts |